انس بن مالك خدم الرسول كم سنه. تعريف بأنس بن مالك

Shinnie, The African Iron Age, Clarendon Press: 1971 , p US: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632

ابن بطوطة

In any event, Ibn Battuta must be amongst the great travellers of all time.

7
ابن بطوطة
Lapidus 2002 , pp 0
محمد
Moreover, many of them provide evidence of embellishment and invention that were introduced to serve the purposes of political or religious apologetic
سنن الرسول المهجورة
The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest 11th-13th Centuries, BRILL, 2002 , p
Chapurukha Makokha Kusimba, The Rise and Fall of Swahili States, AltaMira Press: 1999 , p Denis Gril, Miracles, , Brill, 2007

ابن بطوطة

Extracts are available on the.

15
محمد
Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition 1970 , p
محمد
Dunn University of California Press, 1986 ,245
محمد
Jerry Bently, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times New York: Oxford University Press, 1993 ,131
See, for example, Bowersock, Glen Warren, Peter Robert Lamont Brown and Oleg Grabar Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1999, Harvard University Press p
The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions

سنن الرسول المهجورة

Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State, Westview Press: 1987 , p.

27
ابن بطوطة
Jerry Bently, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times New York: Oxford University Press, 1993 ,121
محمد
Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence
ابن بطوطة
Fage, Roland Oliver, Roland Anthony Oliver, The Cambridge History of Africa, Cambridge University Press: 1977 , p