| In ; ; ; The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif—Naz | "The Origin of Key Shi'ite Thought Patterns in Islamic History" |
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| The title of Mahdi the guided one had been posthumously applied to Muhammad, Ali, Husayn, and others as an honorific | Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam H |
| Jerusalem: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam | In ; ; ; The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IX: San—Sze |
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| In ; ; ; The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume V: Khe—Mahi |