| Moreover, many of them provide evidence of embellishment and invention that were introduced to serve the purposes of political or religious apologetic | Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence |
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| 5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account |
"Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions.
18| however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632 | Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition 1970 , p |
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| The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol | 137 Netanel's work was virtually unknown beyond his native Yemen until modern times, so had little influence on later Jewish thought• El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p |
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| See, for example, Bowersock, Glen Warren, Peter Robert Lamont Brown and Oleg Grabar Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1999, Harvard University Press p |
Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G.
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